肺 高血压

迹象 & 症状

肺动脉高压 is classified into five different types:

• 肺 arterial hypertension (PAH). 这种形式影响肺部的血管，这些血管将血液从心脏输送到肺部，并在那里吸收氧气. This category is divided into two types:
  • 原发性肺动脉高压(PPH)是非常罕见的，可以发生不明原因. In about 10 percent of cases, it's inherited. 它最常见于年轻人，女性的发病率是男性的两倍多.
  • PAH related to exposure to toxins including diet drugs such as fenphen; street drugs including cocaine and methamphetamine; HIV; collagen vascular diseases including scleroderma, lupus and rheumatoid arthritis; chronic liver disease; and congenital heart diseases.
• 肺静脉高压(PVH). This form is caused by diseases of the left side of the heart, such as heart failure or mitral valve disease. 这会使肺动脉血压升高，但通常不会变成严重的多环芳烃.
• 呼吸系统. 肺动脉高压可能与呼吸系统疾病有关，包括间质性肺疾病, 肺气肿, 哮喘支气管炎, sleep apnea and chronic exposure to high altitude.
• 慢性血栓. 血凝块 in the lung blood vessels
• 血管疾病. 肺动脉高压是由于疾病直接影响肺部血管如寄生虫, or inflammation of the blood vessels.

There are no specific signs and 症状 in the early stages of the disease. The 症状 that may occur – such as shortness of breath, fatigue and chest pain – also are common to many other conditions. Other 症状 that may occur include dizziness, 脚踝和腿部肿胀, fainting and a bluish cast to lips and skin.

随着时间的推移, 肺动脉高压会损害你的心脏到危险的程度，并导致并发症，影响你的日常生活. Complications from pulmonary hypertension include:

• 右心室增大
• 血凝块

诊断

早期肺动脉高压在常规体检中难以发现. 可能在发病两三年后，症状变得严重到足以引起注意.

肺动脉高压 is diagnosed primarily with an echocardiogram, which is an ultrasound examination of the heart. 超声心动图通过声波来测量心脏的大小和形状，并可以估计肺动脉压.

• Electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG) to measure your heart's electrical function
• 右心导管测量心脏和肺部血管内的血压并测量血流量. 在所有患者中进行该测试以确认诊断并帮助指导治疗.
• 六分钟步行测验
• Assessment of how well you accomplish daily living tasks

If your doctor determines that you have pulmonary hypertension, the next task is to find out what is causing it. The tests to determine the cause include:

• 电脑断层摄影术, 叫做CT或CAT, scan to see if there is a blood clot or other disease in your lungs
• 肺 function test to rule out obstructive lung disease
• 睡眠研究，看看你是否有睡眠呼吸暂停，一种你可能在睡眠中停止呼吸的情况
• Lab tests to rule out hepatitis, collagen disease, HIV or other conditions

If no discernible cause for the pulmonary hypertension is found, then the diagnosis of primary pulmonary hypertension is made. 如果病因明确，则诊断为继发性肺动脉高压.

纽约心脏协会和十大赌博平台排行榜卫生组织(WHO)使用以下系统对肺动脉高压进行分类.

肺动脉高压 is divided into four classifications:

• 类1. You've been diagnosed as having the disease but show no 症状. Ordinary physical activity doesn't cause undue discomfort.
• 二班. Your 症状 occur only with activity but not when you're at rest
• 3班. There are no 症状 at rest but they occur with even slight exertion
• 第4类. 你休息的时候也有症状

治疗

继发性肺动脉高压的治疗通常从治疗根本原因开始. 例如, 如果是血凝块, 或者肺栓塞, 导致高血压, the clot may need to be surgically removed.

Several treatments are used to manage primary pulmonary hypertension, although they don't cure the condition. 这些包括:

• 钙通道阻断药物. 这些通过放松血管壁的肌肉来帮助心脏更好地泵血.
• Endothelin receptor antagonists (ERAs). These medications reverse the effects of endothelin, a substance in blood vessels that causes constriction.
• 持续输注丙烯醇. This drug dilates and reverses thickening of the blood vessels of the lungs, and helps prevent platelets from clotting the blood. 它必须通过植入式导管和便携式仪器连续给药, 电池驱动泵. The drug lasts less than six minutes, which is why it must be infused continuously into the bloodstream.
• 抗凝血剂. These drugs help keep blood from clotting, which makes it flow better.
• 利尿剂. 这是为了减少水潴留，而水潴留会使心脏工作更加困难.
• 地高辛. This drug can help the right side of the heart pump better.
• 生活方式的改变. 充足的休息、健康的饮食、锻炼和减轻压力有助于控制这种疾病. People with pulmonary hypertension should avoid smoking, 怀孕, birth control pills and high altitudes.
• 补充氧气. This is used for patients with low oxygen level in the blood.
• 肺或心肺移植. 这些手术适用于严重肺动脉高压和生活质量极差的患者. 这是最后的手段.